Essay about Cell Membrane Transport - 600 Words

Cell Membrane Transport Hands-On Labs, Inc. Version 42-0034-00-01 Lab Report Assistant This document is not meant to be a substitute for a formal laboratory report. The Lab Report Assistant is simply a summary of the experiment’s questions, diagrams if needed, and data tables that should be addressed in a formal lab report. The intent is to facilitate students’ writing of lab reports by providing this information in an editable file which can be sent to an instructor. Exercise 1: Diffusion through an Artificial Membrane Observations†¦show more content†¦It is semi-permiable H. Is the transport mechanism in the model cell passive or active? Why? Passive†¦.because active transport travels ACROSS a cell Exercise 2: Diffusion at different temperatures Observations Data Table 3: Diffusion of KMnO4 at Various Temperatures and Times | Temperature inside cup | Color of Water | | 0 min | 5 min | 40c | Bright Purple | Deeper purple | 5c | Bright Purple | Slightly paler purple | 25c | Bright Purple | Stayed the same | Questions I. How does temperature affect the rate of diffusion? J. State a general hypothesis to cover how temperature affects rate of diffusion The higher the temp the quicker the diffusion Exercise 3: Tonicity and Diffusion Observations Data Table 4: Potato Dimensions. | Potato | Before Osmosis(L Ãâ€" W) cm | After Osmosis(L Ãâ€" W) cm | TonicityHypertonic, Isotonic, orHypotonic | Distilled water | 7cm x 0.5cm | | hypertonic | 10% Sodium Chloride | 7cm x 0.5cm | | hypotonic | Questions A. What is the condition of each potato strip after soaking in the test tubes for an hour? 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The 3d Seismic Survey Of East Godavari Mangrove Area

The 3D seismic survey in East Godavari mangrove area has short-term effects on the environment. The surveyed area includes the main six reserved mangrove patches in East coast of India and the process of lying of geophones cables and shoot hole drilling for 3D seismic exploration may lead to the destruction of habitat through clearing the vegetation. Primary sources of disturbances associated with exploration include equipment transportation inside the mangrove, vehicle traffic, shot hole drilling activities, and underground blasting. Seismic exploration survey has the potential to affect wildlife either by increasing noise and human activity around them, or seismic shooting process. The seismic activities can even lead to long-term habitat alteration. Though the exploration activities is often a short term process, extending over a few months, the footprint of exploration activities especially in the high wildlife sensitive area can be quite large (Jorgenson et al. 2010). Seismic ex ploration can alter plant community structure, directly affecting fauna of that area on a long-term basis (Jorgenson et al. 2010). There is evidence to suggest wildlife may react to seismic activity with elevated metabolic rates (Bradshaw et al. 1998), and the cumulative effects of repeated disturbance of individuals may affect population reproductive rates if exploration is widespread (Bradshaw et al. 1998). Extensive studies are conduced to estimate the impact of seismic activities on marine

Systems Life Cycle Free Essays

Systems Development Life Cycles (SDLC) is just one model that follows the development process of analysis, design, development, and maintenance of information systems. There are many different methods and techniques used to direct the life cycle of a software development project. Each is designed for a specific purpose or reason and most have similar goals and share many common traits. We will write a custom essay sample on Systems Life Cycle or any similar topic only for you Order Now Kal Toth describes typical activities performed as including the following â€Å"System conceptualization, System requirements and benefits analysis, Project adoption and project scoping, System design, Specification of software requirements, Architectural design, Detailed design, Unit development, Software integration testing, System integration testing, Installation at site, Site testing and acceptance, Training and documentation, Implementation, Maintenance† (Kal Toth, 1997) One model that sticks to this main frame of system development is Ad-hoc Development. Ad hoc analysis may be used to create a report that does not currently exist or may go deeper into a static report to get details about accounts, transactions, or records. Ad hoc testing is done as a precautionary measure to ensure that there are no gaps left in a developed system before releasing it to the consumer. The drawbacks of using Ad hoc is the lack of data for metrics analysis, lack of comfort on coverage of Ad hoc testing and that the exact steps taken are difficult to record. Another model is the Waterfall method, also called the linear sequential method. This specific model is easy to understand and supports the â€Å"define before design† and â€Å"design before code† logic. The advantages of a Waterfall method is that output is generated after each stage, therefore it has high visibility. The client and project manager gets a feel that there is considerable progress. This methodology is significantly better than the haphazard approach to develop software. It provides a template into which methods of analysis, design, coding, testing and maintenance can be placed and allows project management to determine and place deadlines for specific milestones and phases. The drawbacks of the waterfall method are that it is difficult to define all the problems that could be found at the beginning of a project which can therefore lead up to an unrealistic expectation of a final product. While early all system development efforts engage in some combination of the above tasks, they can be differentiated by the feedback and control methods employed during development and the timing of activities. It is important to note that in any projects psychological factors also play an important role as the development of a system is being achieved. Though there are several methods to produce the proper system for a consumer, it is important to remember that not all consumer needs will be met with the same method. Reference Kal Toth. (1997). Software Engineering Best Practices. Retrieved from http://www.intellitech.net Rainer, R. K. Cegielski, C. G. (2011). Introduction to information systems: Supporting and transforming business (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. University of Alabama. (1998). A Survey of System Development Process Models. Retrieved from http://www.ctg.albany.edu/publications/reports/survey_of_sysdev/survey_of_sysdev.pdf How to cite Systems Life Cycle, Essays

The Magic Mountain Essay Research Paper OUTLINEI free essay sample

The Magic Mountain Essay, Research Paper Outline I. Introduction II. Thomas Mann A. Biography B. Mann s other plants III. The Magic Mountain A. Summary of the novel B. Commentary C. Issues mentioned in the book IV. Decision A. Impact the book had on me The Magic Mountain written by Thomas Mann is a beautiful, rich novel which presents the major philosophical thoughts of our civilisation in the signifier of vivid and absorbing characters. It is surely one of the most of import plants of the 20th century. Thomas Mann ( 1875-1955 ) German novelist and critic, one of the most of import figures in early 20th-century literature, whose novels explore the relationship between the exceeding person and his or her environment, either the environment of household or of the universe in general. Mann # 8217 ; s fiction is characterized by accurate reproduction of the inside informations of both modern and ancient life, by profound and elusive rational analysis of thoughts and characters, and by a detached, slightly dry, point of position combined with a deep sense of the tragic. We will write a custom essay sample on The Magic Mountain Essay Research Paper OUTLINEI or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page His heroes are frequently of the businessperson category, undergoing a religious struggle. Mann explored besides the psychological science of the originative creative person. ( www.gsprize.com/theme_8.html ) He was a Nobel Prize victor and an univocal opposition of National Socialism, Thomas Mann was born on 6 June 1875, the boy of a affluent merchandiser household in the Hanseatic metropolis of Lubeck. His male parent had been elected twice as the burgomaster of Lubeck. His female parent, Bruhn district attorney Silva, came from a German-Portuguese-Creole household. The diminution of exactly such a household over three coevalss was the topic of his first great work, Buddenbrooks which was written in 1901. ( www.zelda.thomson.com/rootledge/who/germany/mann.html ) Buddenbrooks came out when Mann was 26. He began composing it during a annual stay in Italy and completed it in about two and a half old ages. The book outraged the citizens of Lubeck who saw it as a thinly veiled history of local incidents and figures. ( www.kirjasto.sci.fi/tmann.htm ) Mann s father died in 1891 and his trading house was dissolved. The household moved to Munich. Mann worked in an insurance office and studied at university before turning to news media and free-lance authorship. Early novels and short narratives like Tonio Kroger ( 1903 ) , Tristan ( 1903 ) and Der Tod in Venedig ( Death in Venice, 1912 ) revealed Mann # 8217 ; s preoccupation with the relationship between bourgeois life and the modern artistic esthesia, his captivation with decease, and the philosophical influence of Wagner and Schopenhauer. ( www.zelda.thomson.com/rootledge/who/germany/mann.html ) In 1905 he married Katja Pringsheim, the girl of a affluent Munich household. They had a sum of six kids. During the World War I Mann attacked liberalism. A adult male lives non merely his personal life, as an person, but besides, consciously or unconsciously, the life of his era and his coevalss. ( The Magic Mountain ) . After ten old ages of work Mann completed his 2nd major work, The Magic Mountain ( 1924 ) . The book represented the memorial of a lost humanitarianism. It won him the Nobel Prize. ( www.kirjasto.sci.fi/tmann.htm ) With the coming of the Nazi government, Thomas Mann, like his novelist brother, Heinrich, and the remainder of the household, immigrated to Switzerland, before traveling on to the United States in 1938. ( www.zelda.thomson.com/rootledge/who/germany/mann.html ) In 1936 he was officially deprived of his German citizenship and in the same twelvemonth he was stripped by the Bonn academic senate of his Honorary Doctorate. The Nazis avoided all reference of his name, trying to strike his memory from the German consciousness. For his portion, Mann took an active portion in the anti-Nazi battle, denouncing the # 8216 ; awful complicity of the German universities # 8217 ; in engendering # 8216 ; those thoughts which are destroying Germany morally, culturally, and financially # 8217 ; . ( www.zelda.thomson.com/rootledge/who/germany/mann.html ) In America, where he taught for a clip at Princeton University, Mann composed a figure of anti-Nazi essays, including The Coming Victory of Democracy ( 1938 ) . It was in his Swiss and American expatriate that he completed his monumental four-volume novel, Joseph and His Brothers, between 1933 and 1944, a traveling testimonial to the Jews in their darkest hr and to the freedom of the person against a corrupt dictatorship. ( www.zelda.thomson.com/rootledge/who/germany/mann.html ) Mann # 8217 ; s concluding calculation with Hitler # 8217 ; s universe, with the mixture of mastermind and lunacy in the German # 8217 ; soul # 8217 ; and the horrors of a fall ining civilisation came in his last major novel, Dr. Faustus. Mann died on 12 August 1955 in Zurich, Switzerland, to which he had returned one twelvemonth before his decease. ( www.zelda.thomson.com/rootledge/who/germany/mann.html ) Plants of Thomas Mann + BUDDENBROOKS, 1901 # 8211 ; Buddenbrookit # 8211 ; movie 1959, dir. by Alfred Weidenmann + TONIO KR+GER, 1903 # 8211 ; suom. + TRISTAN, 1903 + K+NIGLICHE HOHEIT, 1909 # 8211 ; Kuninkaallinen korkeus + DER TOD IN VENEDIG, 1912 # 8211 ; Death in Venice # 8211 ; Kuolema Venetsiassa # 8211 ; movie 1971, dir. by Luchino Visconti + FRIEDRICH UND DIE GROSSE KOALITION, 1915 + BETRACHTUNG EINES UNPOLITISCHEN, 1918 + HERR UND HUND, 1919 # 8211 ; Herra ja koira + REDE UND ANTWORT, 922 + DER ZAUBERBERG, 1924 # 8211 ; The Magic Mountain # 8211 ; Taikavuori # 8211 ; movie 1982. dir. by Hans W. Geissend rfer + BEMxHUNGEN, 1925 + UNORDNUNG UND FRxHES LEID, 1926 # 8211 ; Early Sorrow + VON DEUTSCHER REPUBLIK, 1926 + Three Essays, 1929 + DIE FORDERUNG DES TAGES, 1930 + MARIO UND DER ZAUBERER, 1930 # 8211 ; Mario and the Magician # 8211 ; Mario ja taikuri + Past Masters and Other Essaies, 1933 + Tetralogy JOSEPH UND SEINE BRxDER, 1933-43 # 8211 ; Joseph and his Brothers # 8211 ; vol. 1: DIE GESCHICHTEN JAAKOBS # 8211 ; Joseph and his Brothers # 8211 ; DER JUNGE JOSEPH # 8211 ; Young Joseph # 8211 ; JOSEPH IN +GYPTEN # 8211 ; Joseph in Egypt # 8211 ; JOSEPH DER ERN-HRER # 8211 ; Joseph the Provider # 8211 ; Joosef ja H nen veljens -sarja suomennettu + LEIDEN UND GR+SSE DER MEISTER, 1935 + Freud, Goethe, Wagner, 1937 + DIESER FRIEDE, 1938 # 8211 ; This Peace + ACHTUNG, EUROPA! , 1938 + LOTTE IN WEIMAR, 1939 # 8211 ; The Beloved Returns # 8211 ; Lotte # 8211 ; movie 1975, dir by Egon G nter + DIE VERTAUSCHTEN K+PFE, 1940 # 8211 ; P iden vaihdos + DIESER KRIEG, 1940 # 8211 ; This War + Order of the Day, 1942 + DAS GESETZ, 1944 # 8211 ; The Tables of the Law # 8211 ; Laki + DEUTSCHE H+RER, 1942 # 8211 ; Listen, Germany! + DOKTOR FAUSTUS, 1947 # 8211 ; Doctor Faustus # 8211 ; movie 1982. dir. by Franz Seitz + Essaies of Three Decades, 1947 + NEUE STUDIEN, 1948 + DIE ENTSTEHUNG DES DOKTOR FAUSTUS, 1949 # 8211 ; The Genesis of a Novel + The Thomas Mann Reader, 1950 + DER ERW-HLTE, 1951 # 8211 ; The Holy Sinner # 8211 ; Pyh Syntinen + DIE BETROGENE, 1953 # 8211 ; The Black Swan # 8211 ; El m n uhri + DIE BEKENNTNISSE DES HOCHSTAPLERS FELIX KRUSS, 1954 # 8211 ; Confessions of Felix Krull # 8211 ; Huijari Felix Krullin tunnustukset # 8211 ; film1957, dir. by Kurt Ho ffmann + VERSUCH xBER SCHILLER, 1955 + NACHLESE, 1956 + ALTES UND NEUES, 1956 + Last Essays, 1959 + Letterss to Paul Amann, 1960 + Narratives of a Lifetime, 1961 ( 2 vols. ) + WAAGNER UND UNSERE ZEIT, 1963 + Addresss Delivered at the Library of Congress, 1963 + xBER DEUTSCHE LITERATUR, 1968 + Letters of Thomas Mann 1889-1955, 1970 + GESAMMELTE WERKE, 1974 ( 14 vols. ) + The Hesse-Mann Letters, 1975 + An Exeptional Friendship, 1975 + The Correspondece of Thomas Mann and Karl Kerenyi, 1975 + GESAMMELTE WERKE, 1980-90 ( 13 vols. ) + DIARIES 1918-1939, 1982 + GOETHES LAUFBAHN ALS SCHRIFTSTELLER, 1982 + ESSAYS, 1993 ( 5 vols. in advancement ) Thomas Mann spent three hebdomads sing his married woman in Davos. He than escaped before the physicians who discovered symptoms of the disease were able to maintain him at that place. He escaped from magnetic field of that mountain, hardly transporting a hint of illness but decidedly holding a clear hint of the future narrative. From this hint the novel of charming relationship between life and decease has been made. The narrative of The Magic Mountain negotiations about the life of Hans Castorp, who goes to the International Sanitarium Berghof in the Swiss Alps to rest and see his cousin Joachim Ziemssen. He planned to remain at that place for three hebdomads and return to his place in Hamburg where he had a calling as a ship-building applied scientist. When he arrives to the sanatarium his feelings of uneasiness transform into captivation to the everyday established for the dwellers and to the active societal scene. Hans realizes that clip is of no importance in the sanatarium and shortly ordinary life becomes unreal to him. He becomes cognizant of his physical, religious and emotional exposure, every bit good as his ain gender. He is attracted to a married Russian adult female, Madame Clavdia Chauchat. The confusion brought on by this romantic compulsion seems even to be reflected in his physical province, which is unstable and hectic. When the three hebdomads he intended to remain were about up, Han dynasties decided to take a physical scrutiny. The scrutiny proved that he had a heavy cold which has a high chance of developing into TB. Disease which captured Hans Castorp is pulling him off measure by measure from the people of the existent universe. The disease, about unnoticeably alterations him. It takes over his will, better his inherent aptitudes, and strengthens the strength of his phantasies. The illness makes him sensitive to the voices and feelings, which in the disruptive life of a healthy individual, he would barely be able to hear or see. When Hans Castorp hears that he has the first phase of TB he becomes happy. His illness provides him with a ground for remaining close Madame Chauchat every bit good as the chance to go on intriguing, profound treatments about life, decease, clip, faith and unwellness with another patient Herr Settembrini. Settembrini is an Italian work forces who believes that ground and the mind must and will predominate, in day-to-day life every bit good as in universe personal businesss. He is disdainful of the foolish flirtings and empty talk in which most of the sanatarium dwellers indulge, and warns Hans repeatedly of the dangers built-in in cutting off all ties to existent life and duty. During carnival limitations of the sanatarium had been decreased and Hans declared his love for Clavdia. She refused his proposal and left for Russia the following twenty-four hours. Hans was awfully sad. Joachim s wellness wasn t acquiring any better. The physician told him that he would hold to remain at the sanatarium for six more months. Joachim couldn T see himself passing one more twenty-four hours at the sanatarium, so he left. After a piece Joachim came back but his status was so serious that he died within a few yearss. Clavdia Chauchat returned to the sanatarium with an old Dutchman named Mynheer Peeperkorn. Hans became really friendly with him, and their friendly relationship lasted until the Dutchman died. Naphta the Jew turned Jesuit and Settembrini were the two people Hans spent most clip with. One twenty-four hours they got into an statement. A affaire dhonneur was arranged between the two of them. When the clip came, Settembrini said he would fire into the air. When he did so, Naphta became ferocious and changeable himself. Although Hans planned to remain at the sanatarium merely for three hebdomads he ended up remaining for seven old ages. During this clip he saw many deceases and many alterations in the establishment. Up in the mountain his 2nd place, clip measured in proceedingss or even old ages no longer existed. With the eruption of the World War I Hans Castorp leaves the sanatarium and returns to Germany to contend. The Magic Mountain is a fresh concerned with positions of history and doctrine of our clip. The charming being exerted on the lives of patients of sanatarium is cutting them off from calendar clip. Time flows through their yearss and old ages with quiet void and perceptual experiences of world stretch into infinity. The Magic Mountain is the ill universe of Europe, and its people are assorted facets of the modern consciousness. It seems as if Thomas Mann loves the disease, as if his art means devotedness to failing, enduring and decease. The Magic Mountain is a aggregation of the ill people, it is an international meeting topographic point of those who fight with decease. This battle goes on in every room of the sanatarium. The subject of torment and decease is revealed throughout the book in such a manner that it doesn t support the thought of decease, but instead stairss out as aid in researching the impressiveness of life. Each of the characters Hans meets is a symbol for a strain of thought prevalent in pre-war Germany. Castorp himself is fascinated with thoughts of decease. Claudia Chauchat is a pagan. Settembrini is an Italian humanist, secure in his belief that adult male can be improved through ground. Mann makes all these characters seem spent and ill, their TB being a mark of societal unwellness. The start of war is symbol that such aesthetic rovings must come to an terminal. The fresh provides a expression at the intervention for TB at the bend of the century. The disease represents a character itself, coming and traveling from the lives of the other characters. The hero of the fresh Hans Castorp, is in fact no hero at all. He is merely an ordinary, insecure adult male unable to happen solution to the conflicting political orientations of his friends and of his clip. Simplicity and expectedness is his best quality. It is my belief that The Magic Mountain in one of the greatest plants of twentieth century. The narrative line which is really simple serves as a bracket to keep the huge aggregations of our sentiments and knowledge together. It compiles a immense sum of controversial information and a assortment of topics such as Mathematicss, Medicine, Astronomy, Physics, Politics, Psychology, Literature, History and many more. I liked the book really much. It opened up my skylines. Bibliography 1 ) Mann, Thomas. The Magic Mountain, Penguin Books Ltd, Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England. S. Fischer Verlag, 1924. 2 ) ( www.gsprize.com/theme_8.html ) 3 ) ( www.zelda.thomson.com/rootledge/who/germany/mann.html ) 4 ) ( www.kirjasto.sci.fi/tmann.htm )

The Cathedral by Raymond Carver an Example of the Topic Literature Essays by

The Cathedral by Raymond Carver Raymond Carver is a writer who had been an author in which did not have a regular story compared to other writers. He had often placed very different characters in the same story and creates twists for the readers to reflect and analyzes (Rebein, 22-25). In the story cathedral, he does the same thing strategy and makes his readers connect the dots with the lesson he wants them to learn. The story "Cathedral" written by Raymond Carver is not like any typical literature which could be found anywhere. The story is also not a regular tale which could be found any where else due to the shifting of the story, the characters and the theme of the story. It is not often that a literature is pertaining about a religion or belief of any individuals (Parks, 723). Need essay sample on "The Cathedral by Raymond Carver" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed With the story of the Cathedral, the narrator of the story had been very puzzled with different kinds of actions of the blind manRobert. Like what the narrator had said in the story, he had never encountered any blind person in his life. It was only in the movies that he was able to experience and learn about the basics of being blind. But then, he was clear that this is not enough in order for him to realize the real situation of a blind person. In the continuing story of the cathedral, it was kind of unlikely that the narrators wife had kept a deep relationship with a blind man. For a normal person, being close to a blind person is mostly irregular. First, blind persons are not as expressive and as friendly as Robert. Most of them are quiet for the reason that they are trying to feel the aura of the placeif they are not familiar with it. Blind individuals are usually feeling the person that they are with. Usually, they try to sense the person whether he or she is good or bad. On th e other hand, Robert was nothing like others; he was very friendly and has a positive approach towards different kinds of things. Through the writing of the author, it could be felt that Robert is not close to a personality of a blind man. University Students Usually Tell Us:I'm don't want to write my essay online. I want to spend time with my girlfriendEssay writers suggest:Find Your Helping Hand!Essays Already Done For You Cheap Essays Online Essay Company Best Essay Writing Company It was stated that the narrator did not have any clue to what type of person the blind man was. However, he does know that her wife was closely related to him before he even came to their house. As obviously as it seems, the husband was did not think that having the blind man come to their house was something positive for him. He admittedly said that he did not feel good about it due to the past relationship which had taken place with the blind man and his wife. But still, he did not condone the desire of his wife to accept the blind man in their home. Even before the blind man came to their home, the husband have already clarified that he did not see the positive outcome of this visit. Like a typical man who is not open to new things and changes, he did not open the possibility that there was something different with the blind man. The narrator already assumed that the blind man was only someone who was helpless and is so needy that he needed someone to be there for him. In addition , his wife had highlighted to him that the blind man had just lost his wife which meant that he was lonely. But then the story gave a different twist to the character of the blind man. In the course of the story the narrators wife was described to have a close relation with Robert. As noted, she was clutching the blind man on his arm while they were walking. There was also a time in which the wife went out of the car having a big smile on her face in which the husband find very unusual. In the story, the wife did not express any happiness until Robert came to their home. Normally, the woman was having a small talk with her husband but it did not seem as if they had a deep connection unlike she and Robert has. It was also stated that Robert and the wife had a close relationship due to the tapes which they had been recording to one another in order to stay in touch with one another. After the time Robert came into their house, the narrator tried to fit in the friendship of his wife and the blind man. He was trying not to be left out of the conversation they were having. The narrator continuously spurs different thoughts while both of them laughed and mingle with one another (Bullock, 344). In one way or the other, it really seemed that the narrator had become jealous of the action and devotion of his wife to the man whom she had never seen for a decade (Facknitz 290). In some points of the story, the narrator was trying to wait for his name to come out to the mouth of his wife. But then, his wife never mentioned his name but only pertains to him as her husband. Whenever the wife was looking at him it was a look due to irritation or disappointment. There was no loving feeling or a feeling that she adores her husband. Instead it was only a feeling that she wants her husband to disappear and leave them alone while both of them have fun. The adoration was all focuse d on a man who she had worked for only a few months while the person she have chosen to marry had become some kind of a stranger to her. The connection with the wife and the narrator seemed rocky which could be translated that they usually have misunderstandings. While on the other hand, the wife and Robert had a different relationshipa closeness which seems could never be leveled to the relationship of the husband and the wife. The closeness of Robert and the wife could be concluded that they had an intimate relationship in the past. Due to the lines which stated that: "at the end of the summer she let the blind man run his hands over her face, said good-bye to him."(Carver 163). In addition, it seems like the wife and the husband have conflict to their beliefs and their relationships which each other. Therefore, making the assumption that the jealously was really the emotion in which the husband felt while being with them. In the side of religion and beliefs, the author had closely highlighted that the couple does not have any type of faith that they hold on to. The husband simply stated that he did not have any belief in which he focuses on. At some point, it could be assumed that this is the problem of the couple. No one of them believed anything or did not believe in the same things. Another proof is that when the time the couple was still dating, the husband was not paying attention to the interest of his wife. It was already a sign in which the couples interest was not linked to each other, making them separated and disconnected. Therefore the relationship of the couple is very dry and unhappy. It could be seen, that the woman tried to find someone who she could connect with in which she found with his long time friend Robert. The blind man evidently makes the wife of the narrator very enthusiastic of the things that interest him. The little actions in which the blind was doing was something very special for the wife while the husbands acts were not given as much attention by the woman in the story. While reading the story, it could immediately felt that the couple did not have much passion with one another. Maybe they had but then the sparks had now been totally lost. Although the couple clearly had the means to all they need, they did seem dissatisfied with one another. At some point, the husband stated that there was never a time in which both of them slept at the same time. It was usually the woman who sleeps first and he only follows when he is really tired and sleepy. In every happy relationship, one of the most intimate parts of their daily lives is being together in bed sleeping beside each other. Given that they do not share such thing, it could be easily assumed that they have an unhappy relationship. Not only unhappy but unsatisfied with their state within the couples relationship and immediately seen that there is a problem between them (Bosha 149-151). In conclusion, the whole story which is written by Raymond Carver is something that every one must readmost especially those people who are in need to enlightenment. Robert was seen in the story as someone who had just came out of no where and suddenly became their visitor. He was a friend of the narrators wife but then, the husband has no idea about him until he came to their home. The blind man could be easily seen as someone who had separated the couple for quite a while because the wife became fond of Robert instead of her husband. He became one of the huge obstacles for the couple to overcome but in the long run, the blind man was able to make the narrator realize that there is really more to life than the normal life that every person is taking. Most of the time, normal individuals only see what their eyes are seeing. Human beings become distracted by the material things and the physical things they see that it becomes a problem for them. The physical world becomes a mask of so mething that is really basic. Blind people experience such things all the time, having seen movies which had blind characters in them it is often that they are the ones very positive in life. They were the ones who had the wisdom about every thing while the individual who is perfectly fine had more problems and hassles in their life (Bosha 150). Another problem that could be seen in the story is the concern regarding making life very complicated for one another. In the story, it is often seen that the wife and the husband mostly worry about themselves. The wife often stresses herself that she needed to take care of Robert and help him figure his way around. The husband on the other hand was insecure of himself that he keeps on telling Robert that he was not good in describing things. Robert on the other side was very calmtrying state that he was generally alright. Most people do not realize that worrying too much had become something that controls us which leads us to not appreciating the basic things in life and also hinders us from being ourselves (Carver 170). During the end part of the story, it had been very obvious that the narrator was being insecure towards his abilities. Provided that maybe he was not really a person who had a descriptive skill but Robert taught him that it is never too late to learn and discover new things and learn that he has the ability to do other things and conquer his fears. In the end, fear (Carver 169), insecurity and jealously had been the major problems of the couple. With the help of a long time friend of her wife, the visit had not only become a typical weekend but a learning experience for all of them (Schnapp, 169). Work Cited Bosha, Francis J. "Raymond Carver, Cathedral." Thought Currents in English Literature 57 (1984): 149-151. Bullock, Chris. "From Castle to Cathedral: The Architecture of Masculinity in Raymond Carvers Cathedral." Journal of Mens Studies. 2.4 (2000): 343-348. Proquest Research Library. Sacramento City Coll. Lib., Sacramento, CA. 02 Dec. 2006. Carver, Raymond. "Cathedral." Short Fiction: Classic and Contemporary. 5th ed. Ed. Charles Bohner and Lyman Grant. Upper Saddle River: Prentice, 2002. 163-172. Facknitz, Mark A. R. "The Calm, A Small Good Thing, and Cathedral: Raymond Carver and the Rediscovery of Worth." Studies in Short Fiction. 23.3 (1986): 287-296. Literature Resource Parks, John G. "American Short Stories Since 1945." New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. Schnapp, Patricia. "A Review of Cathedral." Western American Literature 20.2 (1985): 168-169. Rebein, Robert. "Hicks, Tribes, & Dirty Realists." United States of America: University Press of Kentucky, 2001

The Four Roman Gods of the Wind

The Four Roman Gods of the Wind The Romans personified the four winds, corresponding with cardinal relationships as gods, as did the Greeks. Both peoples gave the winds individual names and roles in mythology.   Gettin Windy With It Here are the winds, according to their domains. They are called the  Venti, the winds, in Latin, and the  Anemoi  in Greek. Boreas (Greek)/Septentrio, a.k.a. Aquilo  (Latin) - North WindNotos (Greek)/Auster  (Latin) - South WindEurus (Greek)/Subsolanus (Latin) - East WindZephyr (Greek)/Favonius (Latin) - West Wind Whats Up With the Winds? The winds pop up all over Roman texts. Vitruvius identifies a whole lot of winds. Ovid  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Ã¢â‚¬â€¹recounts how the winds came to be:  The world’s maker did not allow these, either, to possess the air indiscriminately; as it is they are scarcely prevented from tearing the world apart, each with its blasts steering a separate course. The brothers were kept apart, each with his own job.   Eurus/Subsolanus went back to the east, the realms of dawn, also known as Nabataea, Persia, and the heights under the morning light. Zephyr/Favonius hung out with Evening, and the coasts that cool in the setting sun. Boreas/Septentrio seized Scythia  and the seven stars of the Plough [Ursa Major], while Notos/Auster drenches the lands opposite [the northern lands of Boreas, a.k.a. the south] with incessant clouds and rain. According to Hesiod in his  Theogony, And from Typhoeus come boisterous winds which blow damply, except Notus and Boreas and clear  Zephyr. In Catulluss Carmina, the poet talks about his friend Furiuss villa. He recites, The blasts of Auster, Furius, miss your villa. Favonius, Apeliotes (a minor god of the southeast wind), Boreas skirt the estate†¦ That mustve been a really good spot for a house! Poor Zephyr didnt merit a mention here, although he was involved in the love affairs of the god Apollo. Both guys fell in love with the hunky youth Hyacinthus, and, angry at Hyacinthus favoring his other suitor, Zephyros caused the discus the hottie was throwing to hit him in the head and kill him.​ Bad Boy Boreas In Greek myth, Boreas is perhaps best known as the rapist and abductor of the Athenian princess Oreithyia. He kidnapped her while she was playing by the riverside. Oreithyia bore her husband daughters, Cleopatra and Chione, and winged sons, Zetes and Calais, ​according to Pseudo-Apollodorus. The boys ended up becoming heroes in their own right as sailors on the Argo  with Jason (and, eventually, Medea). Cleopatra married the Thracian king Phineus  and had two sons with him, whom their father blinded when their eventual stepmother accused  them of hitting on her. Others say that Phineuss in-laws, Zetes and Calais, saved him from the Harpies stealing his food. Chione had an affair with Poseidon and gave birth a son, Eumolpus; so her father  wouldnt find out, Chione dumped him into the ocean. Poseidon raised him and gave him to his own half-sister, his daughter, to raise. Eumolpus ended up marrying one of his guardians daughters, but he tried to get with his sister-in-law. Eventually, when war broke out between Eumolpuss allies, the Eleusinians, and his grandmothers people, the Athenians, the king of Athens, Erechtheus, Oreithyias father, ended up killing Eumolpus, his great-grandson. Boreas kept up his kinship with the Athenians. According to Herodotus in his  Histories, during wartime, the Athenians asked their windy in-law to blow the enemys ships to pieces. It worked! Writes Herodotus, I cannot say whether this was the cause of  Boreas  falling upon the barbarians as they lay at anchor, but the Athenians say that he had come to their aid before and that he was the agent this time.

Homeostasis in humans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Homeostasis in humans - Essay Example Homeostasis includes control of blood water balance, sugar level, temperature and urea in the blood. Cells combine to form tissues which form organs. Fluids contained in the cells are referred to as intracellular fluid while the fluid surrounding the cells are extracellular fluids. Nutrients such as glucose, oxygen and water are supplied through the extracellular fluid. (Chiras, 2003) The main body organs that are used to maintain homeostasis include the brain which has different parts responsible for various body functions, the liver and the kidneys and the skin. To achieve coordination, sensors in the various body organs send signals to the brain. Looking superficially at the functions of these organs as pertains to homeostasis, the brain has three main roles in homeostasis which are executed by the hypothalamus, the autonomous nervous system and the endocrine system which has the pituitary gland as the master gland which controls and oversees the working of all other hormone producing parts of the body. The negative feedback works to maintain an optimum value which represents a set point in homeostasis. When a condition deviates, this corrective mechanism returns it to norm. In order for it to be functional the receptors detect the change while the effectors carry out the corrective measures. The brain is the control centre that coordinates this response. If the deviations are not corrected, further deviation occurs and this is referred to as positive feedback. For instance, glucose is transported to the blood. In case of rise in the blood sugar, for example after a meal, regulation would involve both the pancreas and the liver. In the pancreas, there are Islets of Langerhans which are groups of a special cells that secrete more insulin and less glucagon. For a system to attain a sustainable system, both the negative and positive feedbacks should be present. The lungs homeostatic functions involve regulation of pH and gaseous exchange

Disaster Risk Reduction Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Disaster Risk Reduction - Research Proposal Example Actually, disasters in informal settlements are not theoretical in nature. Probable disasters in informal settlements include an explosion of fuel storage units, the release of toxic chemical wastes from industrial processes, water pollution by heavy metals, a collapse of buildings, and earthquakes (MASKREY, 2013). Primarily, informal settlements, especially slums are heavily congested. For example, the Kibera slums in Kenya have a population of 8 times its official capacity. The Kenyan slum is built on top of a petroleum pipeline network. On September 12, 2011, one of the oil pipes ruptured, prompting the poor slum dwellers to salvage the spilling valuable commodity. Suddenly, the pipeline exploded, killing approximately 121 people in an instant, and injuring thousands of others (PELLING & WISNER, 2012). Similar accidents have occurred in other parts of the world, especially in the infamous slums of Guatemala. Allegedly, Guatemala slums lack clean water and sewage systems. Researche rs have termed some of the Guatemala slums as breeding grounds for infectious diseases, especially cholera and malaria. At this juncture, it is admissible that proper prediction and interpretation methods are necessary for the prevention and mitigation of such informal settlement disasters.This research will be conducted within the boundaries of a practical environmental impact assessment exercise, particularly the prediction and interpretation steps using data mining technique as a computer-aided method.

Hollywood movie history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Hollywood movie history - Essay Example The "Hollywood movie history" essay traces the history of this land from the 1870s to 1960s and describes the salient points in its development. In 1910, film maker D.W. Griffith working for Biograph Company, came to Downtown Los Angeles, and with his acting troop to shoot films. Thus it was Griffith who shot the first ever movie in Hollywood, then without a studio. The film was called â€Å"In Old California†. It was a Biograph melodrama. The movie troop stayed there for several months before going back to New York. The oldest company, still existing in Hollywood is Nester and Centaur Films based in Gower Gulch and founded by William Horsley. This company created the first film laboratory in Hollywood. Nester Company started the first film studio in Hollywood in 1911.The studio functioned from an old tavern on the corner of Sunset and Gower. It was from here the early Hollywood legends like D. W. Griffith, (the director credited with the evolution of the film language, throug h his classics like â€Å"The Birth of a Nation’, â€Å"intolerance†), and Cecil B.Demille, known for his biblical epics, regularly started making films. Before the World War 1, movies were made in different cities of the United States. But many factors attracted, film makers to Hollywood. One of the major factors was that, they could evade the fees imposed for film making by Thomas Edison who had the patent for movie making process. â€Å"Going west had serious impulses of escapism in it: to get away from the Motion Picture Patent Company and the gangsters who had sought to organize film making in the East.†

A Review of Recessive Genetic Diseases in Cattle

A Review of Recessive Genetic Diseases in Cattle Huan Yu Introduction Cattle are susceptible to a wide range of genetic diseases. The majority of inherited genetic diseases recognized in cattle are autosomal recessive, mainly due to the practice of â€Å"line-breeding†. The defective calf receives error gene inherited from both its sire and dam. However, if the inherited mutant gene comes from only one parent, such individual usually turns out to be a carrier of the disease without any symptoms (Patel, 2010). Genetic abnormalities contribute to poor performance and structural unsoundness to semi-lethal and lethal diseases. Since most genetic diseases are breed-specific, artificial insemination a widely used technique for cattle breeding may lead to high levels of inbreeding and an inevitable increase in the prevalence of recessive defects. Hence, it is imperative to increase the awareness of genetic diseases in cattle among animal breeders and farmers. This will stimulate strategies to reduce the economic loss due to such genetic diseases in cattle. More so, genetic tests for DNA markers such as Citrullinemia and BLAD may be utilised to identify animals with inherited defects at a very young age based on PCR-RFLP marker (Gholap, Kale and Sirothia, 2014). Also, there is need for cooperation among government agencies, veterinarians, animal scientists and farmers in the control of genetic defects among commercial cattle populations, by formulating and adopting good monitoring and control measures. This paper reviews some recessive genetic diseases in cattle with particular reference to its definition, genetic cause (DNA mutation) and the clinical symptoms. Furthermore, it also discuss some best practice to control the genetic disease in breeding population of dairy and beef cattle breeds. Recessive Genetic Diseases 1. Double Muscling or Muscular Hypertrophy Animals are described a â€Å"double-muscled† (see Fig. 1) when they have a myostatin mutation. Double muscle gene is caused by the mutation of the muscle growth inhibition gene located on the second chromosomes. It is a negative regulatory factor of the skeletal muscle growth, a member of the TGF-ÃŽ ² supergene family (Fiems, 2012). McPherron et al., (1997) noticed that these diseases are mainly found in Belgian Blue and Piedmontese cattle, which usually have an incredibly muscular look even if they do not exercise. Although, DM animals are touted to be beneficial to farmers, meat industry and consumers due to their valuable carcasses, however, they are more susceptible to respiratory disease, stress and dystocia, resulting in a lower robustness. Fig. 1. A fullblood Belgian Blue bull showing the double muscling phenotype. Adapted from McPherron et al., 1997. 2. Bovine Progressive Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy (Weaver Calf) Bovine Progressive Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy (see Fig. 2) is a recessive neurological disease most commonly reported in Brown Swiss pure and crossbred cattle since the 1970’s in Northern America and Europe. It is usually caused by mutations in the EZH2 gene and some rare reported cases have implicated mutations in the NSD1 gene (Gholap, Kale and Sirothia, 2014). Clinical signs of the disease includes hind limb weakness, ataxia, and dysmetria appear in homozygous individuals around 6 months of age with a progressive weakness extending over 2-3 years. The occurrence of this disease can be determined by mapping Bos Taurus autosome (BTA) 4:46-56 Mb and a commercially available diagnostic test marker for 6 microsatellite (MS) (McClure et al., 2013). Fig. 2. Eighteen-month-old Brown heifer affected by â€Å"Weaver syndrome† Adapted from Gentile and Testoni, 2006. 3. Arachomelia Arachnomelia is a monogenic recessive disease in cattle characterized by skeletal abnormalities and usually found in Brown, German Fleckvieh-Simmental cattle (Drà ¶gemà ¼ller et al., 2010). The causative mutation is due to SUOX gene (BTA5) encoding molybdohemoprotein sulphite oxidase and deleting c.1224-1225delC (Gholap, Kale and Sirothia, 2014). The affected cattle presents with fragile, thinner and longer legs in combination with stiffened joints. The fetlock joints are deformed and the skull malformations are characterized by shortened lower jaw, pointer head (see Fig. 3). Fig. 3. Phenotype of bovine arachnomelia in Brown Swiss cattle Adapted from Drà ¶gemà ¼ller et al., 2010. 4. Neuropathic Hydroceohalus (Water Head) Hydrocephaly is an abnormal increase in the amount of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranial cavity. It is accompanied by expansion of the cerebral ventricles, enlargement of the skull and especially the forehead, and atrophy of the brain which may result in stillborn or dummy calves (Arsdall, 2011). One mutation causing NH in the descendents of GAR Precision 1680, and a popular AI sire in high marbling Angus bloodlines. This disease most commonly found in Angus and Angus infused beef cattle. Affected calves are born dead with an extremely large cranium with little or no brain material or spinal cord (see Fig. 4). It is probable that a large percentage of mortalities relating to NH occur through embryonic or fetal loss during gestation, which causes the defect to go misdiagnosed or unnoticed. Fig. 4. Deformity in a stillborn calf due to neuropathic hydrocephalus Adapted from Vetbook.org, 2013. 5. Chondrodysplasia (Dwarfism) Bovine chondrodysplastic dwarfism (BCD) is an autosomal recessive disorder with the phenotype of short limbs, joint abnormality, and ateliosis (see Fig. 5). This disorder mainly results from the mutation of a single nucleotide substitution leading to an activation of a cryptic splicing donor site and a one-base deletion resulting in a frameshift mutation (Takeda et al., 2002). Clinical signs of the disease may present with wide variation, but the main feature is reduced length of bones with an endochondral growth pattern. The Dexter cattle that inherit two copies of the ACAN mutation will abort during the third trimester, while the heterozygous individuals will show the desired miniature cattle phenotype (Arsdall, 2011). Fig. 5. An example of the degree of dwarfism expressed in carriers Adapted from Davidson, 2008. Strategies for Controlling Genetic Defects Most genetic diseases are breed-specific that can cause the huge economic losses due to poor animal performance; structural unsoundness reduces the production and reproductive potential of the animal. Consequently, it is necessary to determine the cause of inherited defects. Moreover, controlling genetic diseases, ethical and legal considerations are also important methods to minimise the genetic diseases in breeding population of dairy and beef cattle breeds. Firstly, farmers should have good breeding records for each animal which include their sire and dam, date of breeding, the date of breeding, abnormality descriptions and photos or videos and causes of death, if the farmers cannot find the reason of death, they should ask help from veterinarians or state diagnostic laboratory (Jane and Trent, 2010). Some of the recessive genetic diseases are somewhat difficult to recognise because mutant gene inherited from only one parent is usually without symptoms. Therefore, good records by breeders will help to know the causes of death in controlling diseases and good diagnosis for the congenital defects. Secondly, animals that carry a defective gene should be prevented from passing it on to their offsprings by culling. DNA testing is currently available for the genetic diseases. The calf should be made to undergo blood typing within one-month of age to allow early diagnosis of underlying disease. Importantly, Bulls or semen should be purchased from reputable breeders, produced by parents who are not known to carry undesirable genes (Schalles, Leipold and McCraw, 1914). Although, the DNA testing is a huge financial burden as well as time consuming, however, a good diagnosis from one dead calf can save many others. In the last decade, the development of DNA tests for detecting BLAND and Citrullinemia has been effective in breeding population (Gholap, Kale and Sirothia, 2014). Furthermore, seed stock producers have an obligation to be honest with the customers and to ensure that their customers understand the consequences of using offspring from know carriers. Otherwise, the breeder’s reputations will be at stake, as well as reflect negatively on the entire breed. Conclusion Genetic diseases in dairy and beef cattle affect the economics of animal breeders and farmers, and it is a long way to developing DNA tests for the diagnosis of most diseases to check the spread of undesirable genes effectively. Farmers should cooperate with the breed association, extension and university personnel and veterinarians to eliminate and avoid these problems. The government also need to raise public awareness of genetic diseases in breeding population of dairy and beef cattle breeds via social media, advertisements and journals. References Arsdall, D. V. (2011). Neuropathic Hydrocephalus (NH) Water Head [online] Available from: http://calfology.com/library/wiki/neuropathic-hydrocephalus-nh-quotwater-headquot [Accessed 12 May 2015] Arsdall, D. V. (2011). Dwarfism (Condrodysplasia) [online] Available from: http://calfology.com/library/wiki/dwarfism-condrodysplasia [Accessed 12 May 2015] Carol Davidson (2008). American Dexter Cattle Association [online] Available from: http://www.dextercattle.org/adca/adca_article_chondrodysplasia.html [Accessed 13 May 2015] Drà ¶gemà ¼ller, C., Tetens, J., Sigurdsson, S., Gentile, A., Testoni, S., Lindblad-Toh, K. and Leeb, T. (2010). ‘Identification of the Bovine Arachnomelia Mutation by Massively Parallel Sequencing Implicates Sulfite Oxidase (SUOX) in Bone Development’, PLoS Genetics, vol.6, no.8, pp.e1001079 Fiems, L. (2012). ‘Double Muscling in Cattle: Genes, Husbandry, Carcasses and Meat’, Animals, vol.2, no.4, pp.472-506 Gholap, P. N., Kale. D. S. and Sirothia. A. R. (2014). ‘Genetic Diseases in Cattle: a Review’, Research Journal of Animal, Veterinary and Fishery Sciences, vol. 2, no. 2, pp.24-33 Gentile, A., Testoni, S. (2006). ‘Inherited disorders of cattle: a selected review’, Slov vet Res, vol.43, no.1, pp.17-29 Jane A. Parish and Trent Smith (2010) Managing Genetic Defects in Beef Cattle Herds [online] Available from: http://msucares.com/pubs/publications/p2622.pdf [Accessed 13 May 2015] McClure, M., Kim, E., Bickhart, D., Null, D., Cooper, T., Cole, J., Wiggans, G., Ajmone-Marsan, P., Colli, L., Santus, E., Liu, G., Schroeder, S., Matukumalli, L., Van Tassell, C. and Sonstegard, T. (2013) ‘Fine Mapping for Weaver Syndrome in Brown Swiss Cattle and the Identification of 41 Concordant Mutations across NRCAM, PNPLA8 and CTTNBP2’, PLoS ONE, vol.8, no.3, pp.e59251 Patel, R. K. (2010). ‘Autosomal Recessive Genetic Disorders of Cattle Breeds Worldwide-A Review’, Journal of Livestock Biodiversity, vol.2, no.1, pp.35-41 Schalles, R. R., Leipold, H. W., McCraw, R. L. (1914). Congenital Defects in cattle [online] Available from: http://www.iowabeefcenter.org/Beef%20Cattle%20Handbook/Congenital_Defects_Cattle.pdf [Accessed 13 May 2015] Vetbook.org (2013) Neuropathic hydrocephalus – Cow [online] Available from: http://vetbook.org/wiki/cow/index.php/Neuropathic_hydrocephalus [Accessed 13 May 2015]

Satan in Paradise Lost and The Myth of Sisyphus Essay example -- Parad

Satan's predicament after he falls in Paradise Lost is utterly hopeless, yet he chooses to persevere. He reasons that he should continue to struggle, even though he is aware that it is entirely in vain. The process he follows to arrive at this choice is similar to the process Albert Camus will use to justify the unrelenting toil of his 'absurd man.' Before this becomes apparent, portions of Satan as a character must be eliminated from consideration, because they present an intractable set of problems. Prior to his rebellion, Satan is a divine being, who "stood'st in Heav'n, upright and pure," (IV, 936-37) like God and the other angels. We do not get a clear portrayal of this character, only Satan's and Raphael's memories and reconstructions of what he must have been like, and God's statement that He "made him just and right, sufficient to have stood" (III, 98-9). Like other angels, he has an "intuitive" (V, 488) way of knowing that Milton defines as far from human apprehensio n, particularly in our fallen state. We can on Earth only see "but the shadow of Heav'n" (575), which in this case is useful, because we are off the hook to even try to explain why Satan chooses to rebel in the first place. Milton too, by placing the godlike mind off limits to human reason as it is commonly understood, is off the hook as well to entirely "justify the ways of God to men" (I, 26). Instead we are presented with the paradoxical claim that God made his creatures "free to fall" (III, 99) "without least impulse or shadow of Fate" (120), and so somehow put bounds on his own omnipotence so that his omniscient "foreknowledge had no influence on their fault" (119). To try to enclose this tortuously defined causality within the mind of a mere huma... ...others is not. Milton's impulse to produce so much of his most beautiful poetry while speaking in the persona of Satan suggests something to the contrary: the need to share one's appreciation for life and the precious beauty of the world that is born of a completely demolished and irreparable condition. Many people, not just the heroic and kind Camus, or the blind and defeated poet Milton, have been inspired towards good from the depths of despair. Like much else that is thrust upon him, Satan is instead forced into what seems an unnatural role to serve the purposes of his Author. In any case, he toils on, unceasing. Works Cited Camus, A. The Myth of Sisyphus and Other Essays. New York, NY: Vintage. (1991). Milton, John. â€Å"Paradise Lost.† The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Ed. 8. Logan, Greenblatt, Lewalski, Maus. New York, 2006. 1831-2055. Print. Satan in Paradise Lost and The Myth of Sisyphus Essay example -- Parad Satan's predicament after he falls in Paradise Lost is utterly hopeless, yet he chooses to persevere. He reasons that he should continue to struggle, even though he is aware that it is entirely in vain. The process he follows to arrive at this choice is similar to the process Albert Camus will use to justify the unrelenting toil of his 'absurd man.' Before this becomes apparent, portions of Satan as a character must be eliminated from consideration, because they present an intractable set of problems. Prior to his rebellion, Satan is a divine being, who "stood'st in Heav'n, upright and pure," (IV, 936-37) like God and the other angels. We do not get a clear portrayal of this character, only Satan's and Raphael's memories and reconstructions of what he must have been like, and God's statement that He "made him just and right, sufficient to have stood" (III, 98-9). Like other angels, he has an "intuitive" (V, 488) way of knowing that Milton defines as far from human apprehensio n, particularly in our fallen state. We can on Earth only see "but the shadow of Heav'n" (575), which in this case is useful, because we are off the hook to even try to explain why Satan chooses to rebel in the first place. Milton too, by placing the godlike mind off limits to human reason as it is commonly understood, is off the hook as well to entirely "justify the ways of God to men" (I, 26). Instead we are presented with the paradoxical claim that God made his creatures "free to fall" (III, 99) "without least impulse or shadow of Fate" (120), and so somehow put bounds on his own omnipotence so that his omniscient "foreknowledge had no influence on their fault" (119). To try to enclose this tortuously defined causality within the mind of a mere huma... ...others is not. Milton's impulse to produce so much of his most beautiful poetry while speaking in the persona of Satan suggests something to the contrary: the need to share one's appreciation for life and the precious beauty of the world that is born of a completely demolished and irreparable condition. Many people, not just the heroic and kind Camus, or the blind and defeated poet Milton, have been inspired towards good from the depths of despair. Like much else that is thrust upon him, Satan is instead forced into what seems an unnatural role to serve the purposes of his Author. In any case, he toils on, unceasing. Works Cited Camus, A. The Myth of Sisyphus and Other Essays. New York, NY: Vintage. (1991). Milton, John. â€Å"Paradise Lost.† The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Ed. 8. Logan, Greenblatt, Lewalski, Maus. New York, 2006. 1831-2055. Print.

It’s tough being a teenager

The life of a teenager in modern Britain is not easy. There are many different problems young people are forced to deal with in this day and age. The problems of a teenager range from pressures of school exams and completion of tedious work, up to the rapidly increasingly problem of drug abuse. The pressures of exams and schoolwork are a noticeably smaller problem for teenagers in comparison to drug abuse or committing violent street crime. Never the less it is still a problem that makes many peoples lives an unpleasant and traumatic time. The pressure that teenagers are under is due to the climax of school attendance the final G. C. S. E examination which can be either a declaration of a pupil's intelligence and will lead to university placements and an exiting career, or a crippling blow that ends a person's dream of a certain job prospect or placement in further education. Either way the pressure is the same. The most drastic source of teenage problems originates from drug abuse. Due to the common use of drugs and the availability of a vast array of mind altering substances an increasingly social problem is arising. The problems caused from the use of drugs include street crime which is becoming ever more violent in a desperate attempt to evade capture due to the high tech protection systems of homes and shops. Another common outlet which addicts feed their habit with is car theft. The most commonly used people to carry out jobs such as violent killings and car crime a part of a gang which is dependent on drug use. The problems of teenagers are widely publicised in the media and often over exaggerate things and often overlooked as well as things being overlooked. The media has a very important role in a teenagers life, it tells people what is acceptable with regards to fashion and Forces boundaries to be forged within society such as people who skate and listen to heavy metal and the people that listen to trance music and take drugs. The teenage years are also a time where many people feel they must rebel against society through dressing a certain way and acting against a typical stereotype which is in its self a contradictory term when a lot of people rebel and seek individuality by doing the same thing as the previous generations and no doubt the future generations will too feel a need to rebel against their stereotypical role in society. The teenage years are not all bad though the only reason teenagers have a negative reputation for drugs and alcohol abuse and the like is because the people who commit crime are the only ones paid attention to by the media. A Persons teen years are about discovery and freedom with the only real responsibility being school work and the need to find out what they want to do with their lives. Whatever the attitude of teen age years good or bad they are only lived through once and when they have gone they will only ever be looked back on with envois memories. A time where people can enjoy there lives before being thrust into the very difficult and serious world of war and politics and being dependant on working for a living and becoming an adult.

Women in ancient greece essays

Women in ancient greece essays Early treatment of women in Athenian society can be best described as servitude. Women were treated differently from city to city but the basic premise of that treatment never changed. A womans main purpose was to establish a bloodline that could carry on the husbands name and give the proper last rites to the husband after his death. However, it was still possible for women to form life long bonds with their husbands and find true love in their arranged marriages. Women in ancient Athenian society were defined as near slaves, or as perpetual minors (The Greek World, p. 200). A womans life did not extend far from the home; it was thought to be their sole realm of existence. Although respected by society as higher than slaves, they were treated in many of the same ways. Like slaves, mothers trained their adolescent daughters as to what their domestic duties were. Most girls were taught to read at home, while the wealthier girls were educated in schools. They were taught important household skills such as: spinning, weaving, sewing, cooking, and other common household jobs. They were educated on basic mythology, religion, and occasionally musical instruments. Most of their time was spent in the household with other women, only leaving their home to perform religious duties. They were secluded from all males, even those in their family. Athenian women were kept at home, where they were taught the proper manners and duties of a desirable wife. Marriage was the inevitable goal to which her whole life tended. To remain a spinster was the worst disgrace which could befall a woman (Everyday Life in Ancient Greece, p. 82). However, this disgrace was seen as more of a reflection on her father who owned her until she was married. Although Athenian women were completely in charge of their households and slaves, they did not have much personal freedom. They rarely left...

Partner culture difference and double-layered acculturation Essays

Partner culture difference and double-layered acculturation Essays Partner culture difference and double-layered acculturation Essay Partner culture difference and double-layered acculturation Essay Several studies have found that business opportunities in host countries improve their performance when they have a local partner (e. g. Beamish Banks, 2003). However, the Makino and Beamish (2004) ownership structure does not imply that all global business opportunities involve a local partner. For instance, cross-national global business opportunities occur when two home-country firms (such as two US firms) form a business opportunity in a second country (such as in Japan), and tri-national global business opportunities occur when partners from different countries (such as a US firm and a Japanese firm) form a business opportunity in a third country (such as in China). Both of these ownership structures are global business opportunities without a local firm as a partner. Partner culture difference and double-layered acculturation Culture is an important aspect of cross-border activity that can significantly influence business opportunities (Parkhe, 2004). Makino and Beamish (2004) suggest that business opportunities between partners with similar national cultures should experience higher survival rates and performance levels than business opportunities between partners with dissimilar cultures. Cultural differences between partners can reveal different management styles and knowledge management practices, which could lead to misunderstandings about the local market, prolonging or reducing knowledge acquisition in the host-country market. Thus, partner cultural difference can adversely affect a foreign firm’s performance in the host country (e. g. Parkhe, 2004). Cultural differences also affect the ability of firms to learn how to operate with a foreign partner in the business opportunity (Barkema Vermeulen, 2004) and may influence the firm’s learning capabilities (Makhija Ganesh, 2004). Cultural differences may create ambiguities and mistrust in the relationship, which can cause conflict. Cultural differences can even cause the parent firms to terminate the business opportunity (Barkema et al. , 2000). Hence, a business opportunity structure without partner cultural difference (such as domestic business opportunities and cross-national global business opportunities) should perform better than business opportunities with partner cultural difference (such as in home-country traditional global business opportunities, host-country traditional global business opportunities and tri-national global business organization). An alternative perspective focuses on double-layered acculturation, which is defined as a structure of global business organization in which there are both partner and location cultural differences. The double-layered acculturation perspective suggests that global business opportunities can face operational challenges from both host country national culture and partner culture differences. Barkema et al. (2000) contend that firms that enter a country by establishing a wholly owned subsidiary or global business organization may incur cultural barriers, but the barriers caused by these two modes of entries may differ. These authors further assert that culture difference makes a global business organization more susceptible to termination than a wholly owned subsidiary. A wholly owned subsidiary requires that a firm adapt to a national culture Host-country traditional global business opportunities and tri-national global business opportunities, however, incur ‘double-layered acculturation’ by requiring adaptation to both the culture of the partner and the cultures of nations that business opportunities are operating in. Contractor and Lorange (2003) note that this kind of culture difference gives rise to higher costs for an global business organization Double-layered acculturation leads to higher relational hazards (e. g. trust building costs) for host-country traditional global business opportunities and tri-national global business opportunities than for home-country traditional global business opportunities and cross-national global business opportunities. As noted above, strategic alliances or partnerships in channels of distribution are not usually legally defined entities governed by state, national, or international laws, and thus trust may be viewed as a substitute for control (Rousseau Sitkin, 2004). That is, while a legal contract is one way of controlling an exchange partners behavior, detailed contracts can get in the way of effective exchange relationships (MacCauley, 2001). However, relational trust is developed between exchange partners through repeated interactions over time (Rousseau Sitkin, 2004). As a partner is found to be reliable and dependable, positive expectations are formed regarding the partners intentions. Over time, attachments are formed between partners based on reciprocated care and concern (McAllister, 2004). Such trust is critical in strategic alliances among partners because strategic alliances require the coordination of two or more partners to pursue shared objectives (Doz, 2000 and Kanter, 2000).

Accounting ASC Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Accounting ASC - Research Paper Example An example of these guidelines are those provided by Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) that has within it two methods to recognize revenue for online retailers. One of these methods is the gross method and the other is the net method. Two online retailers that have been used in the examination of these two methods are Amazon and Overstock. ASC guidelines The ASC guidelines recognize two basic accounting methods in the case where one is recognizing revenues. These are the gross method and the net method. The gross method seeks to recognize the total amount of sales that have been made from which any discounts that occur within the time frame opened for discounts are then recorded. These discounts may be accrued in periods. This is where they have occurred in periods that are greater than two accounting periods and where the likely period of payment is not certain. The net method on the other hand records revenue in terms of the net sales that have been made on the product. In th e case where later on the customer decides not to take advantage of any discounts that have been offered then this is recorded as income. Gross method of accounting is one that considers the discounts that may be taken and majorly relies on how good a client is in honoring their obligations to pay. The net method on the other hand looks at the discounts that the customer has not taken advantage of and also on how ineffective the customer may be in honoring their obligations to pay. Amazon Amazon recognizes revenue on its books based on the satisfaction of four factors. The recognition is also dependent on the source of the revenue; this is as to whether it is from direct sales or commissions earned. The four factors considered are that there should be considerable evidence that there is the intent of conducting business. The next is that the goods have been delivered or the service has been rendered. The selling price also has to be determinable and fixed. Finally that the collectio n of the amount is to a certain extent assured. In cases where the price is not easy to determine and Amazon is the primary source of the goods then the net revenue is charged. Subscription fees are recognized as revenues over the life of the subscription. In cases where gift cards have been purchased, they are recognized as revenues when they are used by the customer or when they expire. Amazon is a company that utilizes the net method of revenue recognition. This is evident from the fact that the company recognizes the total revenue that is estimated to stem from any of the transactions that they make netting any promotional discounts that the products may have. This also nets the rebates that the products may attract and the allowance for any costs that may be involved in returning the goods. The recognition of this revenue is also limited to the point where the risk of loss and the title of any product sold have been transferred to the client. Overstock Overstock on the other ha nd has different revenue recognition procedures. They have a customer loyalty program whose revenue is allocated ratably over the period of ownership of the membership card. The revenue from rewards intended for those who are members are recognized when they take advantage of these rewards, when the rewards expires which is usually ninety days after the expiry of membership and when there is a breakage (when the redemption by the customer of rewards is highly unlikely). There have not been any instances of breakage. The revenues from gift cards are also recognized when they are redeemed or when redemption is highly unlikely from experience. It can be seen

The United States 5th Marine Regiment WWI-WWII Research Paper

The United States 5th Marine Regiment WWI-WWII - Research Paper Example Major General Commandant of the Marine Corps, George Barnett, was well aware of these shortcomings. Barnett, who also enjoyed prominent social and political connections in Washington, was desperate for participation of the Marines in the ongoing war in France to overcome those flaws. He sought reorganization of the scattered small detachments into more structured battalions and regiments. Due to his incessant efforts and determination, President Woodrow Wilson directed the Secretary of War on May 29, â€Å"In pursuance of the authority vested in me by law, it is hereby directed that you issue the necessary orders detaching for service for the Army a force of Marines to be known as the Fifth Regiment of Marines† (Camp, 26). Commandant Barnett assembled Marine detachments scattered across United States and Caribbean into the 5th Marine Regiment with battalions at Philadelphia and Quantico, which was officially activated on June 08, 1917. On June 14, the regiment, under the comma nd of Colonel Charles A. Doyen, USMC, started sail towards France on the escort fleet comprising four groups. The first groups embarked in naval transports such as HENDERSON and DE KALB sailed on the same day. However, the last group including HANCOCK sailed three days later. The first groups also encountered submarines on the way, but were not hit. The regiment arrived at harbor of St. Nazaire, France, on June 26, where it was assigned to the 1st Division, American Expeditionary Force, under the command of Major General John J. Pershing, USA. The 5th Regiment was the first marine regiment having the honor to serve with the Army in Europe (McClellan, 30-32). Pershing did not keep the regiment intact. Many of the regiment’s units were deployed as line of communication troops performing non-combat duties, which spread dismay among men and hampered the training. In words of the 2nd Battalion Commander, Major Frederick M. Wise, USMC, â€Å"We were pretty badly split up †¦ O ne battalion in St. Nazaire, half a battalion in England, and my battalion a few miles from Menacourt† (Camp, 32). Training of some elements was conducted as part of the First Division (regulars) in the Gondrecourt training area. However, it was soon realized that 1st Infantry Division already contained its full complement of four regiments. The regiment was thus reassigned to Fourth Infantry Brigade under the 2nd Division. From September onwards, the available units of the Fourth Brigade as a unit of the Second Division of Regulars started training in the Bourmont training area (McClellan, 31). The Fourth Brigade of Marines was composed of the 5th Marine Regiment, the 6th Marine Regiment, and the 6th Machine Gun Battalion. After his promotion to Brigadier General, Col. Doyen became the first commanding general of the 2nd Division on October 26th, 1917. The command of the 5th Regiment was temporarily handed over to Lieut. Col. Hiram I. Bearss, USMC, until Col. Wendell C. Nevil le, USMC, reported on duty on January 01, 1918. The 5th Regiment consisted of three battalions containing four companies each, the 84h Machine Gun Company, Supply Company and Headquarters Company. The 1st Battalion commanded by Major Julius Turrill, USMC, was comprised of 17th, 49th, 66th and 67th companies, the Second Battalion commanded by Major Frederick Wise, was comprised of 18th, 43rd, 51st and 55th companies, and the 3rd Battalion command

Economics of housing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Economics of housing - Essay Example The two main historic junction points that can be identified are in the years of 1915-1919 and also in the year 1979. Occupation of ownership as well as social housing amplified their comparative size in the period of 1915 to 1979. At the same time the private renting contracted drastically. After 1979 till the early phases of 2000 owner occupation augmented at the cost of social housing. Since the year 1995 the comparative size of the private rented sector began to take the steep rising curve. The trends in tenure can be accounted to be the combination of political, economic as well as social drivers that played their role in the short and in the long run. Political transformations like supports from the local government and Rights to Buy interacted with the cycles of the economy to bring changes in attitudes to different tenures. The current trends suggest a mix in tenure of the housing system of UK. For the first time the comparative size of the owner occupied sector took the decl ining curve while at the same time the private rented sector took the oppositely sloping curve. The reason for such a drift may be the supreme numeral of households in owner occupation while the social rented sector remained stable. In the phase of 2005 to 2009 the number of households in the private rented sector augmented by more than one million households. ... If the recent trends sustain in 2013 then the private sector is expected to be larger than the social rented sector. Forecasts also point to the fact that by the end of the decade one in every five households would be private renters. The forecasting trends are based on the continuation of the recent trends. The figures point towards quick changes in tenure mix but the figures do not state how quickly the changes would take place. The key drivers that forced the recent changes in tenure mix are depicted in the diagram below: (Pattison, Diacon and Vine, 2010, p. 5). The three pillars taken in the diagram are owner occupation, private rented sector as well as social housing. The panel above the key drivers are regarded to be the drivers that act to increase the relative size while the panel below the drivers act to decrease the relative size. The structures above the pillar of owner occupation are tax advantages relative to other tenures, political support, preferred tenure and the Rig ht to Buy sales. The structures above the pillar of private rented sector are affordability relative to owner occupation, lifestyle changes increasing desire for mobility. The structures above the social housing pillar are financial stability, demand for social housing. The structures below the pillar of owner occupation are income constraints, wealth constraints and mortgage constraints. The structures below private rented sector are investment constraints, lack of political support, and tax incentive relative to owner occupation. The structures below social housing are Right to Buy sales and pressure on government spending. Question (ii) The report published by the HomeOwners Alliance states the owner occupation in UK is set to go below

Gordan Ramsay Essay Example for Free

Gordan Ramsay Essay Gordon James Ramsay was born on November 8th, 1966 in Johnstone, Renfrewshire, Scotland. He was raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England. Ramsay had played football(soccer) all throughout this life. During his football career he endured many injuries which led up to a career ending knee injury. At the age 19, Ramsay enrolled at North Oxfordshire Technical College to study Hotel Management. After graduating college Ramsay worked in London and moved to France to learn classic French cuisine. While in France, Ramsay worked in Paris under Guy Savoy and Joel Robuchon, both Michelin-starred chefs for three years. After he had learned as much as he could, Ramsay took a year to work as a personal chef on the private yacht Idlewild which was based in Bermuda. Moving back to London he became the head chef at Aubergine which won him his first Michelin-star. In 1998 Ramsay opened his first restaurant in Chelsea which then gave him 3 Michelin Stars. Ramsay is one of only four chefs in the UK to maintain three Michelin Stars for his restaurant. He was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire from Queen Elizabeth II in the 2006 honors list for services to the hospitality industry. Ramsay has now published many books and has stared in various television shows. Gordon Ramsay has a aggressive leadership style. We classified him as having both Autocratic Leadership and Bureaucratic Leadership. Ramsay has a strong personality and from this comes the Autocratic leadership roles. We saw this in his television shows where he would shut you down if you did not meet his standards. It seems that it is Gordon Ramsay’s way or the highway. Ramsay poses his ideas quite firmly and is also quite by the book. He delegates jobs accordingly based on skill sets and he always demands professionalism. This is also why we thought Ramsay was a Bureaucratic leadership style. By always demanding excellence Ramsay motivates you to be the best you can be. He gives constructive criticism and educates others with his knowledge and skills. Ramsay inspires you to improve your skill set and be passionate.

Stages of Development | 0-19 Years

Stages of Development | 0-19 Years Explain the sequence and rate of each aspect of development from birth – 19 years. The sequence of development refers to the expected pattern of development of a child from birth through to 19 years. Child development, in turn, refers to the biological, the physical and the emotional or psychological changes which take place within a time-frame as the individual passes through various stages or phases from (complete) dependency to (increasing) autonomy. The term development incorporates the skills and knowledge that children and young people are developing. Children and young people follow a pattern or sequence or order of development, and knowledge about expectations at the different ages and stages, helps practitioners to support development, as well as to identify those individuals who may need additional support or those who may require extension, for example, through a gifted and talented programme. Skills and knowledge and physical growth are all interconnected and therefore cannot be viewed in isolation. Instead a ‘holistic’ approach to development needs to be adopted as these areas are co-dependent. Children and young people need to be able to develop properly in order to reach their full potential. Practitioners should remain aware of the fact that although each area of development is important as an entity in its own right, each area is as important as any other, and also that they all impact upon each other. The areas can be ‘separated out’ as such, but they are reliant upon each other and so if a child does not have the physical skills to turn pages in a book or the language to decode words, then that child will not be able to read. Developmental changes may be influenced by a variety of factors, including genetics, events during prenatal development, the delivery and birth itself as well as post natal influences. Developmental change can be due to maturation – genetically controlled processes or as a result of environmental factors, although mostly, there is an interaction between the two. The development of children and young people is a continuous process and can be measured in a variety of ways. Children and young people tend to develop at different rates but the sequence or order in which they develop will be more or less the same. For example, a child will acquire one skill – walking, before developing the next skill in the sequence – running. As development tends to be more rapid in the early years, the milestones are initially quite close together. As a baby becomes a toddler / child and the toddler / child becomes a young person, the milestones can be further apart. It is important to bear in mind that children and young people are individuals, so their rate of development may be different and also development may not progress across all the required areas with the same degree of equality. Sometimes the rate of development can present cause for concern. However, it is essential to remember that each person is unique and this must be borne in mind, especially when examining the rate and development of a child or young person. Generally speaking, development is said to progress from head to toe, from the inner self to the outer self, from simple to complex and finally from general to specific. The aspects of development by which children and young people are measured against are: Physical Development Physical development can be sub-divided into: Fine motor skills (manipulation) involve the coordination and control of small muscles, for example, tying a shoe lace or using pincer grip to pick up crumbs or hold a pencil and mark make with it. Gross motor skills involve the coordination and the control of large muscles and the acquiring of skills such as running and walking, throwing a ball or pedalling a bicycle. These skills require the use of the entire body or at least several parts of the body. Muscle tone and muscle strength are important, for example, if a body has ‘high tone’, the movements may be jerky or appear disconnected and if the muscle strength is poor, the child or young person may not be able to exert much pressure with his hands or legs. The quality and range of movement is also important – does a child or young person move noticeably slowly or too quickly and is the child or young person able to make movements that go from one side of the body to the other (‘crossing the midline’). Physical development is about learning to master movements and this allows a child or young person to become independent. They master the ability to explore and interact the world and environment around them. The muscles in the body need to develop and gain strength and as they do, the body is able to coordinate better. Cognitive / Intellectual Development This encompasses the way in which the brain processes information (remembering names or colours or numbers and information). Imagination (for example in role-play), is also a cognitive skill and cognitive development is strongly linked to communication and language. Communication and Language This is about learning to communicate with other people and understanding their communication in return. Talking, reading, writing and using gestures/body language or a sign language, are all examples of communication and it is essential that children and young people acquire language and a range of vocabulary or sign language skills in order to be able to communicate effectively. Receptive and expressive language are effective tools for communication. As stated above, communication and language are linked to cognitive development (thinking about what others are trying to convey as well as what you are trying to express). Social and Emotional Development This area is about forming and maintaining relationships, understanding oneself, becoming self-reliant, having the ability to make decisions, feeling sympathy and empathy, knowing what behaviour is acceptable, and having the ability to control emotions appropriately. This area is closely linked to cognitive language development. Intellectual or Moral Development This has strong links with cognitive development and is a sub-set of social and emotional development. Intellectual or moral development is about decisions that children and young people take, principles they adopt and their behaviour towards others. It includes a child or young person’s attention span, ability to understand information and to reason, the developing of memory, logical thinking and questioning. For example, Piaget advocated that group games promoted and advanced the moral and intellectual development of children and young people. An adult explains the rules of a game and gradually reduces his or her involvement, allowing the child or young person to regulate the game this allows room for a child to take risks, to make errors and to learn and develop moral understanding and autonomy. Table detailing the sequence and rate of each aspect of development from birth to 19 years plus Age Intellectual Social/Emotional Language Gross Motor Fine Motor Skills Infant – Birth to 12 months Learns by experimenting with hands and putting objects in mouth. Attaches to the mother and father and begins to recognise faces; smiles. At about six months begins to recognise parents and expresses a fear of strangers. Responds to and participates in simple interactive games. Vocalises a lot more and imitates some sounds, says 2 syllable words like ‘mama’, ‘dada’, ‘baba’. Lifts head, pulls chest up, rolls over, pulls to sit up and crawls or stands either with some or no support. Is able to reach for objects and picks up finger food or toys, like rattles or keys. Picks up small objects like crumbs. Toddler 1 – 2 years Is able to learn words for people and objects and to name some items when prompted. Learns that self and parents are separate, imitates sounds, is able to indicate needs or wants without crying. Is able to say more words and follow simple instructions. Can walk, kick, stop, jump, throw a ball and drop items. Unbutton clothing, build tower with few bricks, mark make, use spoon to feed self. Preschool 2 – 5 years Knows when is tired or hungry, cold/wet or soiled and recognises some colours, numbers, shapes and objects. Able to separate from carer with ease, un/dress with assistance, wash / dry hands, play games. Increasingly independent in toileting and self-care. Follows simple or complex instructions, speaks in simple sentences. Good range of vocabulary. Runs, hops, squats and jumps, pedals a tricycle, balances and co-ordinates well. Pulls self onto play equipment. Builds tower of 7/8 cubes, forms letters and some alphabet and is able to pedal a bicycle. Feeds self. School 5 – 12 years Understands numeracy and literacy concepts, relationships between objects and feelings, acquires knowledge and skill. Increasingly independent, emotionally still attached to its parents, dresses/undresses mostly without assistance, joins clubs and social groups, make friendships. Has an increasing bank of vocabulary, is able to describe his / her feelings, or objects, or materials, is able to school independently. Improved balance, may overestimate physical capabilities, joins in different physically demanding activities. Able to sketch/draw people, copy detail in figures and objects, sew, knit, paint and craft with control. 12 – 18 years Understands some abstract concepts like death or illness or God and religion, and develops an understanding of complex ideas. Experiences mood swings and changes in behaviour, highly influenced by peer group, distances from parents emotionally, engrossed by self-image, may have sexual relationship. Uses increased vocabulary and understands abstract concepts such as grief. These are now fully developed. These are now fully developed. 19 years plus Continues to develop ability to make sound decisions, understands complexity of relationships with others. Becomes independent and develops own lifestyle, chooses career path, develops a social and economic status, may have a partner, become a parent, Continues to develop knowledge, uses increased vocabulary and different styles of language. These are now fully developed. These are now fully developed.